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Modern Computer Architecture and Organization
Modern Computer Architecture and Organization

Modern Computer Architecture and Organization: Learn x86, ARM, and RISC-V architectures and the design of smartphones, PCs, and cloud servers

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Modern Computer Architecture and Organization

Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture

The architecture of automated computing devices has evolved from mechanical systems constructed nearly two centuries ago to the broad array of modern electronic computing technologies we use directly and indirectly every day. Along the way, there have been stretches of incremental technological improvement interspersed with disruptive advances that have drastically altered the trajectory of the industry. These trends can be expected to continue into the future.

In past decades, the 1980s, for example, students and technical professionals eager to learn about computing devices had a limited range of subject matter available for this purpose. If they had a computer of their own, it might have been an IBM PC or an Apple II. If they worked for an organization with a computing facility, they might have used an IBM mainframe or a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX minicomputer. These examples, and a limited number of similar systems, encompassed...

The evolution of automated computing devices

This section reviews some classic machines from the history of automated computing devices and focuses on the major advances each embodied. Babbage's Analytical Engine is included here because of the many leaps of genius contained in its design. The other systems are discussed because they embodied significant technological advances and performed substantial real-world work over their lifetimes.

Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine

Although a working model of the Analytical Engine was never constructed, the detailed notes Charles Babbage developed from 1834 until his death in 1871 described a computing architecture that appeared to be both workable and complete. The Analytical Engine was intended to serve as a general-purpose programmable computing device. The design was entirely mechanical and was to be constructed largely of brass. It was designed to be driven by a shaft powered by a steam engine.

Borrowing from the punched...

Moore's law

For those working in the rapidly advancing field of computer technology, it is a significant challenge to make plans for the future. This is true whether the goal is to plot your own career path or for a giant semiconductor corporation to identify optimal R&D investments. No one can ever be completely sure what the next leap in technology will be, what effects from it will ripple across the industry and its users, or when it will happen. One technique that has proven useful in this difficult environment is to develop a rule of thumb, or empirical law, based on experience.

Gordon Moore co-founded Fairchild Semiconductor in 1957 and was later the chairman and CEO of Intel. In 1965, Moore published an article in Electronics magazine in which he offered his prediction of the changes that would occur in the semiconductor industry over the following ten years. In the article, he observed that the number of formerly discrete components such as transistors, diodes,...

Computer architecture

The descriptions of a small number of key architectures from the history of computing mentioned in the previous section included some terms that may or may not be familiar to you. This section will provide an introduction to the building blocks used to construct modern-day processors and related computer subsystems.

One ubiquitous feature of modern computers is the use of voltage levels to indicate data values. In general, only two voltage levels are recognized: a low level and a high level. The low level is often assigned the value zero and the high level assigned the value one. The voltage at any point in a circuit (digital or otherwise) is analog in nature and can take on any voltage within its operating range. When changing from the low level to the high level, or vice versa, the voltage must pass through all voltages in between. In the context of digital circuitry, the transitions between low and high levels happen quickly and the circuitry is designed...

Summary

This chapter began with a brief history of automated computing devices and described significant technological advances that drove leaps in computational capability. A discussion of Moore's law was followed with an assessment of its applicability over previous decades and implications for the future. The basic concepts of computer architecture were introduced through a discussion of the 6502 microprocessor. The history of computer architecture is fascinating, and I encourage you to explore it further.

The next chapter will introduce digital logic, beginning with the properties of basic electrical circuits and proceeding through the design of digital subsystems used in modern processors. You will learn about logic gates, flip-flops, and digital circuits including multiplexers, shift registers, and adders. It includes an introduction to hardware description languages, which are specialized computer languages used in the design of complex digital devices such as computer...

Exercises

  1. Using your favorite programming language, develop a simulation of a single-digit decimal adder that operates in the same manner as in Babbage's Analytical Engine. First, prompt the user for two digits in the range 0-9: the addend and the accumulator. Display the addend, the accumulator, and the carry, which is initially zero. Perform a series of cycles as follows:

    a. If the addend is zero, display the values of the addend, accumulator, and carry and terminate the program.

    b. Decrement the addend by one and increment the accumulator by one.

    c. If the accumulator incremented from nine to zero, increment the carry.

    d. Go back to step a.

    Test your code with these sums: 0+0, 0+1, 1+0, 1+2, 5+5, 9+1, and 9+9.

  2. Create arrays of 40 decimal digits each for the addend, accumulator, and carry. Prompt the user for two decimal integers of up to 40 digits each. Perform the addition digit by digit using the cycles described in Exercise 1, and collect the carry output from...
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Key benefits

  • Understand digital circuitry with the help of transistors, logic gates, and sequential logic
  • Examine the architecture and instruction sets of x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V processors
  • Explore the architecture of modern devices such as the iPhone X and high-performance gaming PCs

Description

Are you a software developer, systems designer, or computer architecture student looking for a methodical introduction to digital device architectures but overwhelmed by their complexity? This book will help you to learn how modern computer systems work, from the lowest level of transistor switching to the macro view of collaborating multiprocessor servers. You'll gain unique insights into the internal behavior of processors that execute the code developed in high-level languages and enable you to design more efficient and scalable software systems. The book will teach you the fundamentals of computer systems including transistors, logic gates, sequential logic, and instruction operations. You will learn details of modern processor architectures and instruction sets including x86, x64, ARM, and RISC-V. You will see how to implement a RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA board and how to write a quantum computing program and run it on an actual quantum computer. By the end of this book, you will have a thorough understanding of modern processor and computer architectures and the future directions these architectures are likely to take.

Who is this book for?

This book is for software developers, computer engineering students, system designers, reverse engineers, and anyone looking to understand the architecture and design principles underlying modern computer systems from tiny embedded devices to warehouse-size cloud server farms. A general understanding of computer processors is helpful but not required.

What you will learn

  • Get to grips with transistor technology and digital circuit principles
  • Discover the functional elements of computer processors
  • Understand pipelining and superscalar execution
  • Work with floating-point data formats
  • Understand the purpose and operation of the supervisor mode
  • Implement a complete RISC-V processor in a low-cost FPGA
  • Explore the techniques used in virtual machine implementation
  • Write a quantum computing program and run it on a quantum computer

Product Details

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Publication date : Apr 30, 2020
Length: 560 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781838987107

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Product Details

Publication date : Apr 30, 2020
Length: 560 pages
Edition : 1st
Language : English
ISBN-13 : 9781838987107

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Table of Contents

19 Chapters
Section 1: Fundamentals of Computer Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 2: Digital Logic Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 3: Processor Elements Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 4: Computer System Components Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 5: Hardware-Software Interface Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 6: Specialized Computing Domains Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 2: Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 7: Processor and Memory Architectures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 8: Performance-Enhancing Techniques Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 9: Specialized Processor Extensions Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 10: Modern Processor Architectures and Instruction Sets Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 11: The RISC-V Architecture and Instruction Set Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Section 3: Applications of Computer Architecture Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 12: Processor Virtualization Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 13: Domain-Specific Computer Architectures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Chapter 14: Future Directions in Computer Architectures Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Answers to Exercises Chevron down icon Chevron up icon
Other Books You May Enjoy Chevron down icon Chevron up icon

Customer reviews

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Rating distribution
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Half star icon 4.3
(15 Ratings)
5 star 60%
4 star 26.7%
3 star 6.7%
2 star 0%
1 star 6.7%
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Adrian wright Oct 01, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A great, "in depth" look at central processing unit (cpu) design. This book is aimed more at the Academic student in their first/second year. This book is well written and explains the voncepts and ideas in a " easy-to-follow" style. This book can be used by, not just students, but anybody eith a keen interest in Modern Computer Architecture, Design, and Organization.Well worth a slot in any computer science students' or computer enthusiasts book shelf.
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Victor Sep 25, 2021
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bom
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D May 10, 2020
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
A truly remarkable tour de force in computer science. Jim is a true expert in this field. An excellent and beneficial read!'
Amazon Verified review Amazon
Cyprien V Mar 18, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
Truly a gold mine of information if you're interested in how computers do their computing.Really hard to read if you're new to the subject like myself because of all the specialized vocabulary (each thing has it's own name and reading 5 pages will take you 30 minutes) but if you make the effort there's a lot of very interesting content to be discovered.Just one thing : there could have been a lot more sketches and diagrams (it's almost all written in sentences) to ease the understanding.I recommend to watch videos on the same subject in parallel of reading the book to clarify everything.Anyway, thank you very much to sir Ledin for the work and for sharing his knowledge.
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Ryan Zurrin Aug 07, 2022
Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon Full star icon 5
The media could not be loaded. I bought this book as a primer to my coming Fall class, computer architecture and organization and found this book to be a wonderful trove of wisdom. It covers the basics of everything you will want to know going into a class that will cover deeper details about actual implementation. This book does not get into those details too much but is more a good history lesson and general overview of a pretty complex and advanced topic. I highly recommend to anyone interested in this topic.
Amazon Verified review Amazon
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