Exception objects

Sometimes, we'd like to get hold of the exception object – in this case an object of type ValueError or TypeError - and interrogate it for more details of what went wrong. We can get a named reference to the exception object by tacking an as clause onto the end of the except statement with a variable name that will be bound to the exception object:

def convert(s):
    """Convert a string to an integer."""
    try:
        return int(s)
    except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
        return -1

We'll modify our function to print a message with exception details to the stderr stream before returning. To print to stderr we need to get a reference to the stream from the sys module, so at the top of our module we'll need to import sys. We can then pass sys.stderr as a keyword argument called file to print():

import sys

def convert(s):
    """Convert a string to an integer."""
    try:
        return int(s)
    except (ValueError, TypeError) as e:
        print("Conversion error...