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Consider this article your "cheat sheet".
The jdoc include tags are new to Joomla! 1.5 templates. Previously in Joomla! 1.0, more complicated, abstract PHP code, originally created for Mambo, was used. The jdoc tags are much cleaner, visually make sense (no more guessing what attribute values like "-3" mean), and, thus, are much easier to remember.
This is pretty simple: the tag outputs all the appropriate meta tags and header information that corresponds to your site and each individual page:
<jdoc:include type="head" />
If you're converting a 1.0 template to 1.5, you'll replace this PHP function in your 1.0 template's header with the above jdoc tag:
<head>
...
<?php mosShowHead(); ?>
...
Wherever you place this include, all component content will appear (from articles to poll results to contact forms, and so on):
<jdoc:include type="component" />
The 1.0 equivalent of this tag is the mosMainBody function. You'll replace this PHP function with the above jdoc include:
<?php mosMainBody(); ?>
With module tags, we have a few options to work with. So, we can control what modules load into the area, thus assigning their positions as well as what style to output the module content with:
<jdoc:include type="modules" name="position" style="styleName" />
In the jdoc include example above, within the style attribute, you can place one of the following six style names to various effect: