Wikidata structure actually follows the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Part of the W3C specifications since 1999, this format allows us to store data as triples:
(subject, predicate, object)
For instance, the sentence Homer is the father of Bart is translated with RDF format as follows:
(Homer, is father of, Bart)
This RDF triple can be written with a syntax closer to Cypher:
(Homer) - [IS_FATHER] -> (Bart)
RDF data can be queried using the SPARQL query language, also standardized by the W3C.
The following will teach you how to build simple queries against Wikidata.